@misc{Łukasiewicz_Dariusz_Zdrowie,
 author={Łukasiewicz, Dariusz},
 howpublished={online},
 publisher={Zielona Góra: Oficyna Wydawnicza Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego},
 language={pol},
 abstract={The second half of the 19th century was a time when industrialisation accelerated in Germany, particularly in the west of Prussia, Berlin and Silesia. Large urban centres developed rapidly, densely populated by labourers whose housing conditions were largely inadequate and their wages insufficient. Business owners, town councils as well as state authorities noticed the growing risk of an epidemic and increasing social unrest which could lead to bloodshed.},
 abstract={To alleviate the problems they developed a system of social insurance (Health Funds). The network of hospitals (singular Krankenhaus), which were already quite modern, was developed faster. The healthcare system was becoming available to a larger part of the population. Moreover, an increasing number of people felt entitled to access to healthcare. Health-seeking behaviour was also improved owing to the implementationof vaccinations.},
 abstract={The popularisation of education and teaching of literacy skills facilitated the process of changing people?s mindset and improved the state of health-seeking behaviour. Above all, the organising of central, provincial and town administration made a progress. Medical, pharmaceutical and midwifery schools were being opened.},
 abstract={In 1870 in Prussia there were 7531 medicine students, while in 1909 there were as many as 24.407 of them. They comprised a fifth to a third of the entire student population. There existed boards that issued permits to run pharmacies and clinics of physicians, surgeons, midwives and barber surgeons. In 1825 the guild-based system of thesurgeon profession was abolished and common regulations in the medical profession implemented. In 1901 in Prussia there were 519 local practitioners.},
 abstract={In 1855 Prussia had 681 hospitals, in 1871 942 hospitals and in 1913 1042 hospitals. Most of them were municipal health centres. In 1913 the treatment costs of 56% of patients in Prussia were covered by poverty funds, 36.5% by social security, 8.3% by private funds and 1.2% came from other sources.},
 abstract={At the turn of the 19th and 20th c. medical discoveries, e.g. in bacteriology, aseptic technique and hygiene, the invention of the X-ray machine, discoveries in the areas of STDs, tuberculosis and many other illnesses brought about a revolution in treatment and changed life expectancy.},
 type={artykuł},
 title={Zdrowie i choroba w Prusach 1871-1918 = Health and Illness in Prussia in 1871-1918},
 keywords={Szpital, Prusy, epidemie, położne, lekarze, hospital, Prussia, epidemic, midwife, doctor},
}