Autor:
Współtwórca:
Brzezińska, Ewa - red. nauk. ; Jazownik, Maria - red. nauk. ; Jazownik, Leszek - red. nauk.
Tytuł:
Tytuł publikacji grupowej:
Temat i słowa kluczowe:
Second World War ; Stanisławów ; Extermination ; killing ; murders ; teachers ; intelligentsia ; Polish people ; Germans ; eksterminacja ; morderstwo ; zabójstwo ; nauczyciele ; inteligencja ; Niemcy ; Rosjanie ; Polacy
Streszczenie:
Abstract:
During and immediately after World War II, the systematic elimination of the Polish people employed in the educational sector took place in Poland. The perpetrators of these crimes were the occupying forces of Germany and Russia, with the active cooperation of non-Polish national minorities living in the territory of the Second Polish Republic. ; The article presents the wartime fate of the intelligentsia living in the city of Stanisławow. In 1939, Stanisławow had a population of over 68,000. It was an ethnically mixed city, but there was no record of any conflicts or misunderstandings occurring on the basis of nationality or religion. ; On September 19, 1939, the German army entered the area of the Stanisławow poviat, warmly welcomed by the local Ukrainian population. After three days Germans withdrew and the area became occupied by the Soviet Army. The Soviet Army was as well greeted with ovation by the same Ukrainian population but also by the Jewish population. ; After taking over Stanisławow, the Soviets gave the local Ukrainian population three days, of so-called "freedom", and during that time "revolutionary committees" were established and had a right to do with the Poles whatever they wanted - without any external control from the Soviet side. ; Arrests were carried out, often with the involvement of the NKVD. Poles were tortured and starved in inhumanly overcrowded and unheated prisons. Prisoners were often murdered. The self-proclaimed "Ukrainian militia" rounded up, disarmed and murdered soldiers of the Polish Army, police officers and Poles active in resisting occupation. ; Others were later handed over to the Russians. The NKVD took the arrested Polish officers who had been taken captive and deported them, among others, to the camps in Kozielsk, Ostashkov and Starobielsk. The next victims of the terror were political party activists, judges, prosecutors and others. After deportation, they disappeared without trace. ; The German-Russian war front opened up on June 22, 1941. Before the German army entered Stanisławow, the NKVD conducted the massacre of the prisoners in the local prison on Bilińskiego Street. The Gestapo carried out numerous arrests of Poles and deportations to forced labour in Germany, in active cooperation with the local administration and the Ukrainian police. ; According to W. Bonusiak`s findings, by November 27, 1941, 60,709 people were deported from the Galician area, including 5,800 from Stanisławow. Mass arrests of the Polish intelligentsia began in Stanisławow, on command of Hans Kruger. The lists of names were prepared by Ukrainian nationalists. From 8 to 18 August, local Polish intellectuals were arrested and brought to the Gestapo by Ukrainian policemen. Jewish intellectuals had already been rounded up and arrested prior to this. ; Polish teachers were arrested according to lists of schools and junior high schools, prepared by their German and Ukrainian colleagues. They were beaten and brutally mishandled, then driven to Czarny Las and executed on the spot. The numbers of those murdered is estimated to be between 200 to 300, but to this day a complete and reliable list is not to be found. ; Teachers from other areas were also brought to Stanisławow, for example, from Tyśmienica, Halicz, Tłumacz, Drohomirczany, Wołczyniec and others. Overall, the number of Poles murdered by the Germans and their Ukrainian collaborators in Stanisławow approximates to 860 people. The mass graves of those murdered in Czarny Las near Stanisławow were discovered in 1988. The perpetrators of these horrible crimes have never been held to account.
Wydawca:
Zielona Góra: Oficyna Wydawnicza Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego
Data wydania:
Typ zasobu:
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Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego: Seria Scripta Humana, tom 17