Search for: [Abstract = "Beginning on 15 June, and every third day thereafter, we used cloacal massage to collect semen samples. By 12 July, only 2\/17 \(11.8%\) of captive males still produced sperm and the beaks of most males had begun changing from black to horn\-colored\; both are signs of decreased testosterone production. To rule out the possibility that these changes were due to seasonal effects, we captured 9 wild adult male sparrows on 13 July."]

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