Szukana fraza: [Abstract = "Simultaneous state and parameter estimation based actuator fault detection and diagnosis \(FDD\) for single\-rotor unmanned helicopters \(UHs\) is investigated in this paper. A literature review of actuator FDD for UHs is given firstly. Based on actuator healthy coefficients \(AHCs\), which are introduced to represent actuator faults, a combined dynamic model is established with the augmented state containing both the flight state and AHCs."]